References

1. Buffolo E, Andrade JCS, Succi JE, et al. Direct myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation: technique and initial results. Tex Heart Inst J. 1985; 12:33-41.

2. Elefteriades JA. Mini-CABG: a step forward or backward? The "pro" point of view. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1997;11(5):661-668.

3. Roach GW, Kanchuger M, Mora C, et al. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(25):1857-1863.

4. Shennib H, Mack MJ, Lee AGL: A survey on minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997; 64:110-5.

5. Benetti FJ, et al. Direct Myocardial Revascularization with extracorporeal circulation. Chest 1991; 100(2):312-6.

6. Buffolo E, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61(1):63-6.

7. Gu YJ, Mariana MA, van Oeveren W, Grandjean JG, Boonstra PW. Reduction of the inflammatory response in patients undergoing minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(12):420-424.

8. Magovern JA, Mack MJ, Landreau RJ, et al. The minimally invasive approach reduces the morbidity of coronary artery bypass. Circulation. 1996;94(8):I-52.

9. Calfiore AM, Giammarco GD, Teodori G, Mazzei V, Vitolla G. Recent advances in multivessel coronary artery grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Paper presented at: NewEra Cardiac Care: January 9-10, 1998; Rancho Mirage, CA. www.hsforum.com [serial online] 1998. Available at http://www.hsform.com/vol1/issue1/1998-33589article.html. Accessed November 2, 1998.

10. Gu YJ, Mariana MA, van Oeveren W, Grandjean JG, Boonstra PW. Reduction of the inflammatory response in patients undergoing minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(12):420-424.

11. Magovern JA, Mack MJ, Landreau RJ, et al. The minimally invasive approach reduces the morbidity of coronary artery bypass. Circulation. 1996;94(8):I-52.

12. Gu YJ, Mariana MA, van Oeveren W, Grandjean JG, Boonstra PW. Reduction of the inflammatory response in patients undergoing minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(12):420-424.

13. Magovern JA, Mack MJ, Landreau RJ, et al. The minimally invasive approach reduces the morbidity of coronary artery bypass. Circulation. 1996;94(8):I-52.

14. Pfister AJ, Zaki MS, Garcia JM, et al. Coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:1085-1092.

15. Pfister AJ, Zaki MS, Garcia JM, et al. Coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:1085-1092.

16. Gu YJ, Mariana MA, van Oeveren W, Grandjean JG, Boonstra PW. Reduction of the inflammatory response in patients undergoing minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(12):420-424.

17. Buffolo E, Gerola LR. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass through sternotomy and minimally invasive procedure. International J Cardiol. 1997;S89-S93.

18. Magovern JA, Mack MJ, Landreau RJ, et al. The minimally invasive approach reduces the morbidity of coronary artery bypass. Circulation. 1996;94(8):I-52.

19. Zenati M, Domit TM, Saul M, et al. Resource utilization for minimally invasive direct and standard coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:S84-S87.

20. Gu YJ, Mariana MA, van Oeveren W, Grandjean JG, Boonstra PW. Reduction of the inflammatory response in patients undergoing minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(12):420-424.

21. Magovern JA, Mack MJ, Landreau RJ, et al. The minimally invasive approach reduces the morbidity of coronary artery bypass. Circulation. 1996;94(8):I-52.

22. Calfiore AM, Giammarco GD, Teodori G, Mazzei V, Vitolla G. Recent advances in multivessel coronary artery grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Paper presented at: NewEra Cardiac Care: January 9-10, 1998; Rancho Mirage, CA. www.hsforum.com [serial online] 1998. Available at http://www.hsform.com/vol1/issue1/1998-33589article.html. Accessed November 2, 1998.

23. Pfister AJ, Zaki MS, Garcia JM, et al. Coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:1085-1092.

24. Gu YJ, Mariana MA, van Oeveren W, Grandjean JG, Boonstra PW. Reduction of the inflammatory response in patients undergoing minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65(12):420-424.

25. Magovern JA, Mack MJ, Landreau RJ, et al. The minimally invasive approach reduces the morbidity of coronary artery bypass. Circulation. 1996;94(8):I-52.

26. Buffolo E, Gerola LR. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass through sternotomy and minimally invasive procedure. International J Cardiol. 1997;S89-S93.

27. Magovern JA, Mack MJ, Landreau RJ, et al. The minimally invasive approach reduces the morbidity of coronary artery bypass. Circulation. 1996;94(8):I-52.

28. Lampa M, Ramsay J. Anesthetic implications of new surgical approaches to myocardial revascularization. Curr Opin Anesth. 1999;12:3-8.

29. Young WV, Heesmouth CH, Georgiafandis G, Mitchell DC, Hackett DK, Bahna DG. Extracorporeal circuit 'sterility' after 168 hours. J Extracorp Tech .1997;29(4): 181-184.

30. Murry CE, Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Preconditioning with ischemia: A delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation. 1986;74:1124-1136.

31. Yellon DM. Preconditioning the Human Myocardium. Lancet. 1993; 342:276-277.

32. Yellon DM. Myocardial Preconditioning: What have we learned? E Heart J. 1997; 18:8A-14A.

33. Grundeman PF, Borst C, Van Herwaarden JA, et al. Hemodynamic changes during displacement of the beating heart by the Utrecht 'Octopus' method. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:588-592.

34. Grundeman P, Borst C, et al. Vertical displacement of the beating heart by the Octopus Tissue Stabilizer: influence on coronary flow. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:1348-52.

35. Burfeind, Jr. WR, Duhaylongsod FG, Samuelson D, Leone BJ. The effects of mechanical cardiac stabilization on left ventricular performance. Eur J Cardio-thorac Surg. 1998;14:285-289.

36. Nierich AP, Diephuis J, Jansen EWL, et al. Embracing the heart: Perioperative management of patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting using the Octopus tissue stabilizer. J Cardiothor Vasc Anesth. 1999;12:123-129.

37. Mariani MA, Gu YJ, Boonstra P, et al. Procoagulant activity after off-pump coronary operation: is the current anticoagulation adequate? Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1370-75.

38. Borst C, Jansen EWL, Tulleken CAG, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass and without interruption of native coronary flow using a novel anastomosis site restraining device ("Octopus"). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1356-1364.

39. Shanewise J, et al. ASE/SCA Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Intraoperative Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiography Examination: Recommendations of The American Society of Echocardiography Council for Intraoperative Echocardiography and The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Task Force for Certification in Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography. In press.